** PRP SOLUTION **
QUESTIONS ARE IN RANDOM ORDER
Programming
1.
Data science is very popular now. A lot of universities have courses about it. A lot of companies have
open data science positions. So it's quite important to know how to work with statistics. And this task
can help you to make first step into statistics.
Lets define S as all strings of the length n consisting of letters from the some alphabet of the size a. For
each string s lets define f(s) - maximum among all z-function values of the string s. Your task is
calculate Σs∈S f(s) modulo .
Also in this problem we define Z=0.
Input Format
First line of input contains three space separated integers
n, a and mod (1 <=n< =22,1 <= a <= 10%,1<=mod <=10%).
Note that mod may be composite.
Output Format
Print the single integer Σs∈S f(s) modulo mod.
Sample Input
3 2 1000
Sample Output
C CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdbool.h>
typedef long long int int64;
int N = 25;
int n, alp, mod;
int pow_alp[25];
int add(int a, int b) {
return (a + b) % mod;
}
int mul(int a, int b) {
return (int64)a * b % mod;
}
int len;
int p[25];
int str[25];
int gl_ans;
bool used[25];
void fill (bool* first, bool* last, bool val)
{
while (first != last) {
*first = val;
++first;
}
}
int max(int a, int b)
{
return (a > b)? a : b;
}
int get_k() {
int i = len - 1;
if (i == 0) {
return 0;
}
int k = p[i - 1];
while (k > 0 && str[i] != str[k]) {
k = p[k - 1];
}
if (str[i] == str[k]) {
k++;
}
return k;
}
int get_c(int cur_alp) {
int i = len - 1;
if (i == 0) {
return -1;
}
if (p[i] != 0) {
return str[p[i] - 1];
}
fill(used, used + cur_alp, false);
int k = p[i - 1];
while (true) {
used[str[k]] = true;
if (k == 0) {
break;
}
k = p[k - 1];
}
for (int c = 0; c < cur_alp; c++) {
if (!used[c]) {
return c;
}
}
return -1;
}
int get_used_cnt(int cur_alp) {
if (len == 1) {
return 0;
}
int ret = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < cur_alp; i++) {
if (used[i]) {
ret++;
}
}
return ret;
}
void rec(int cur_alp, int cur_coef, int cur_mx) {
int prev_p = -1;
if (len != 0) {
prev_p = p[len - 1];
}
int last = n - len;
if (cur_mx >= prev_p + last) {
int cur_ans = mul(cur_coef, cur_mx);
cur_ans = mul(cur_ans, pow_alp[last]);
gl_ans = add(gl_ans, cur_ans);
return;
}
len++;
for (int new_p = 0; new_p <= prev_p + 1; new_p++) {
p[len - 1] = new_p;
int new_alp = cur_alp;
int c = get_c(new_alp);
if (c == -1) {
c = new_alp;
new_alp++;
}
str[len - 1] = c;
int k = get_k();
if (k == new_p && new_alp <= alp) {
int new_coef = cur_coef;
if (new_p == 0) {
int used_cnt = get_used_cnt(cur_alp);
new_coef = mul(new_coef, alp - used_cnt);
}
rec(new_alp, new_coef, max(cur_mx, new_p));
}
}
len--;
}
int main()
{
scanf("%d%d%d", &n, &alp, &mod);
pow_alp[0] = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
pow_alp[i] = mul(pow_alp[i - 1], alp);
}
//dbg(n, alp, mod);
rec(0, 1, 0);
printf("%d\n", gl_ans);
return 0;
}
2.
Problem statement
Oliver and Bob are best friends. They have spent their entire childhood in the beautiful city of Byteland.
The people of Byteland live happily along with the King. The city has a unique architecture with total N
houses. The King's Mansion is a very big and beautiful bungalow having address = 1. Rest of the houses
in Byteland have some unique address, (say A), are connected by roads and there is always a unique
path between any two houses in the city. Note that the King's Mansion is also included in these houses.
Oliver and Bob have decided to play Hide and Seek taking the entire city as their arena. In the given
scenario of the game, it's Oliver's turn to hide and Bob is supposed to find him. Oliver can hide in any of
the houses in the city including the King's Mansion. As Bob is a very lazy person, for finding Oliver, he
either goes towards the King's Mansion (he stops when he reaches there), or he moves away from the
Mansion in any possible path till the last house on that path. Oliver runs and hides in some house (say
X) and Bob is starting the game from his house (say Y). If Bob reaches house X, then he surely finds
Oliver. Given Q queries, you need to tell Bob if it is possible for him to find Oliver or not. The queries
can be of the following two types: 0 X Y : Bob moves towards the King's Mansion. 1 X Y : Bob moves
away from the King's Mansion
Input Format
The first line of the input contains a single integer N, total number of houses in the city. Next N-1 lines
contain two space separated integers A and B denoting a road between the houses at address A and
B.
Next line contains a single integer Q denoting the number of queries.
Following Q lines contain three space separated integers representing each query as explained above.
Output Format
Print "YES" or "NO" for each query depending on the answer to that query.
C CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
struct edge
{
int j;
struct edge *next;
};
void add_at_beg(struct edge **head, int j);
void DFS(struct edge *alist[], int s, int n, int F[], int D[]);
void DFSvisit(struct edge *alist[], int u, bool V[], int phi[], int F[], int D[], int *count);
int main()
{
int N,i;
scanf("%d",&N);
int F[N+1];
int D[N+1];
struct edge *alist[N+1];
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
alist[i]=NULL;
}
for(i=0;i<N-1;i++)
{
int A,B;
scanf("%d%d",&A,&B);
add_at_beg(alist+A,B);
add_at_beg(alist+B,A);
}
DFS(alist,1,N,F,D);
int Q;
scanf("%d",&Q);
for(i=0;i<Q;i++)
{
int t,X,Y;
bool flag=false;
scanf("%d%d%d",&t,&X,&Y);
if(t)
{
if(D[X]>D[Y] && F[X]<F[Y])
{
printf("YES\n");
}
else
{
printf("NO\n");
}
}
else
{
if(D[X]<D[Y] && F[X]>F[Y])
{
printf("YES\n");
}
else
{
printf("NO\n");
}
}
}
return 0;
}
void add_at_beg(struct edge **head, int j)
{
struct edge *temp=(struct edge *)malloc(sizeof(struct edge));
temp->j=j;
temp->next=*head;
*head=temp;
}
void DFS(struct edge *alist[], int s, int n, int F[], int D[])
{
int phi[n+1];
bool V[n+1];
int i;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
phi[i]=-2;
V[i]=false;
F[i]=0;
D[i]=0;
}
int count=1;
phi[s]=-1;
DFSvisit(alist,s,V,phi,F,D,&count);
}
void DFSvisit(struct edge *alist[], int u, bool V[], int phi[], int F[], int D[], int *count)
{
V[u]=true;
D[u]=(*count)++;
struct edge *temp=alist[u];
while(temp)
{
if(!V[temp->j])
{
phi[temp->j]=u;
DFSvisit(alist,temp->j,V,phi,F,D,count);
}
temp=temp->next;
}
F[u]=(*count)++;
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quantitative Ability
1.
A person forgets two digits of user ID for a website. He remembers that two digits are odd. What is the
probability of him typing the correct last digits by randomly typing 2 odd digits?
(1/5)
(1/25)
(1/2)
(2/5)
2.
Gitu and Rashmi were playing ludo. Game starts when one gets 6 in two consecutive throws of dice.
What is the probability that gitu can start the game in first chance?
1/36
1/6
5/36
1/6
3.
Suparna needs to browse through 75 pages of a novel before she gives her review to the class. She has
2.5 hrs before the lecture. What should be her reading speed in pages/hour?
30
16
20
22
4.
A woman sold 15 bed sheets for Rs 15,000. Hence gaining the cost of 5 bed sheets. The cost per sheet
is
775
750
960
1000
800
5.
Given that the interest is only earned on principal, if an investment of Rs.1000.00 amount to Rs.1440.00
in two years, then what is the rate of interest earned?
22%
20%
21%
11%
6.
P is an integer. P>883. If (p-7) is a multiple of 11, then the largest number that will divide (p+4) (p+15) is :
121
11
242
None of the above
7.
There are 5 clients and 5 consultants in a round table meeting. In how many ways can the clients be
seated such that no consultant is next to the other consultant?
4! 4!
10c5 5! 4!
5!6!
4! 5!
9!
8.
In how many ways a panel of 5 students be selected from 8 kids if a particular student be included?
3!
35
7!
210
9.
A written exam consists of 6 questions with the answer options as yes/no/none. In how many ways can
the examinees select the answers?
6c3 ways
6p3 ways
3c1 . 3c1 . 3c1 . 3c1 . 3c1
( 3c1 ) 6
10.
Out of every 100 people in police department, 10 are women. Out of every 100 people in military forces,
3 are women. In a batch of 180 police personnel and 200 army personnel, how many of them would be
women?
30
24
18
6
11.
A single letter is drawn at random from the word. "ASPIRATION", the probability that it is a vowel is?
3/5
2/5
1/3
1/2
12.
What is the sum of the two consecutive numbers, If the difference of whose squares is 19?
10
9
18
19
13.
2^ 8X2^2 =
2^ 10
4^ 10
2^ 16
4^ 16
14.
Probability of one of the power plants over heating is 0.15 per day and the probability of failure of the
backup cooling system is 0.11. if these events are independent, what is the probability of both events
taking place ?
0.0185
0.35
0.0165
0.26
15.
The value of log10^0.1 is :
-1
0
-10
-100
16.
A bag contains 5 oranges, 4 bananas and 3 apples. Rohit wants to eat a banana or an apple.He draws a
fruit from the bag randomly. What is the probability that he will get a fruit of this choice?
7/12
3.5/12
5/12
None of the above
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Logical Reasoning
1.
(i) A, B, C, D, and E are five friends in a class. They have their birth dates from January to may, each
friend born in one of these months. (ii) Each one likes one particular item for his/her birthday out of rice,
mutton, chicken, burger, and pizza. (iii) The one who likes pizza is born in march. (iv) C does not like pizza
but brings rice for D in April. (v) E, who is fond of burger, is born in the next month immediately after B.
(vi) B does not like burger or mutton. In which month was E born
February
January
March
April
2.
Rahul is facing South. He walks straight for 15 meters and turns left and walks 25 meters, then turns left
again and walks 15 meters, finally he turns left and walks 40 meters. How far and in which direction is he
standing from the starting point?
10 meters, East
10 meters, West
15 Meters, West
15 Meters, North-West
3.
Passage (i) A, B, C, D, and E are five friends in a class. They have their birth dates from January to may,
each friend born in one of these months. (ii) Each one likes one particular item for his/her birthday out
of rice, mutton, chicken, burger, and pizza. (iii) The one who likes pizza is born in march. (iv) C does not
like pizza but brings rice for D in April. (v) E, who is fond of burger, is born in the next month immediately
after B. (vi) B does not like burger or mutton. What is the choice of C?
Rice
Pizza
Mutton
Chicken
4.
Choose the right answer From the given anagrams select the odd one out.
APPLE
OLIVE
LITCHI
EGG
5.
(i) A, B, C, D, and E are five friends in a class. They have their birth dates from January to may, each
friend born in one of these months. (ii) Each one likes one particular item for his/her birthday out of rice,
mutton, chicken, burger, and pizza. (iii) The one who likes pizza is born in march. (iv) C does not like pizza
but brings rice for D in April. (v) E, who is fond of burger, is born in the next month immediately after B. /
(vi) B does not like burger or mutton. Which one of the following is true for B?
Chicken, February
Chicken, January
Pizza, January
Pizza, February
6.
From the given choices select the odd one out.
LMP
PRV
DGL
BEL
7.
Given signs signify something and on that basis, assume the given statement to be true. Answer the
question basis the information provided. “X” denotes “larger than” “+” denotes “equal to” “-“denotes
“not equal to” “/”denotes “smaller than” “%” denotes “not smaller than” “*”denotes “not larger than” If
A/B and B/C, then
A*C
A+C
A-C
A%C
8.
Problem question: What is the value of the two-digit number y? Statements: I) The sum of its digits is 5.
II) The difference of its digits is 5.
Statement II alone is sufficient in answering the Problem question.
Both the statements even put together are not sufficient in answering the problem question.
Statement I alone is sufficient in answering the Problem question.
Either of the statements taken individually are sufficient in answering the problem question.
Both the statements put together are sufficient in answering the problem question.
9.
(i) A, B, C, D, and E are five friends in a class. They have their birth dates from January to may, each
friend born in one of these months. (ii) Each one likes one particular item for his/her birthday out of rice,
mutton, chicken, burger, and pizza. (iii) The one who likes pizza is born in march. (iv) C does not like pizza
but brings rice for D in April. (v) E, who is fond of burger, is born in the next month immediately after B.
(vi) B does not like burger or mutton. What is the choice of A?
Rice
Pizza
Burger
Chicken
10.
Find the next number in the series 5,25,61,113,___
121
181
212
241
11.
If North-West becomes East and North-East becomes South and so on, Then what does East becomes?
North-East
South-West
North-West
South-East
12.
Choose the answer option that arranges the given set of words in the ‘most’ meaningful order. The
words when put in order should make logical sense according to size, quality, quantity, occurrence of
events, value, appearance, nature, process etc.
1. File
2. Computer
3. Programs
4. Paint
5. Print
2, 3, 4, 1, 5
2, 1, 3, 4, 5
2, 1, 4, 3, 5
2,4,3,1,5
13.
M is P's brother's son. N is only Brother of P. How is N related to M?
Father
Nephew
Cousin
Uncle
14.
"Find the next number in the series 7,8,15,23,38,____
57
61
62
59
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verbal Ability
1.
Following are the criteria for re-allotment of floors by a Housing Society to its residents. The residents
must
1) Have stayed for atleast 5 years in the society out of which atleast 3 years should have been spent on
floors which end with 0 or 5.
2) Not have more than 5 members in the family.
3) Have given an undertaking to stay there for another 5 years.
4) Have served as a maintenance associate for more than 1 year.
a) In case a resident satisfies all above criteria except (2) and has stayed in the society for more than 5
years, he/she should be referred to the Society-President and be given the floor of his/her choice.
b) In case a resident satisfies all above criteria except (4) he/she is to be referred to the WelfareAssociate and be given either 1st or 3rd floor. Should the given resident be provided with
accommodation? (the case is presented as on 31st July, 2012) Raj has been staying in the society for 6
years and has spent 5 years on 10th floor. He has 6 members in his family. He is willing to give an
undertaking to stay for another 5 years.
He has also served as a Maintenance Associate for 1.5 years.
resident would be referred to the society-president
2.
I _ been regularly exercising for quite a few days now
Has
Had
have
will have
3.
Select the word or phrase which best expresses the meaning of the given word. CONCEITED
False
Not sure
Arrogant
Deceive
Misconception
4.
Following are the criteria for re-allotment of floors by a Housing Society to its residents. The residents
must
1) Have stayed for at least 5 years in the society out of which at least 3 years should have been spent
on floors which end with 0 or 5
. 2) Not have more than 5 members in the family.
3) Have given an undertaking to stay there for another 5 years.
4) Have served as a maintenance associate for more than 1 year.
a) In case a resident satisfies all above criteria except (2) and has stayed in the society for more than 5
years, he/she should be referred to the Society-President and be given the floor of his/her choice.
b) In case a resident satisfies all above criteria except (4) he/she is to be referred to the WelfareAssociate and be given either 1st or 3rd floor. Should the given resident be provided with
accommodation? (the case is presented as on 31st July, 2012) Raghav has been staying in the society
for 7 years and he has spent 3 years on 5th floor. He has 3 members in his family and also given an
undertaking to stay for another 5 years. He has served as a Maintenance Associate for 5 months.
Resident would be given 1st or 3rd floor
5.
He ____ the position of group leader because of his effective leadership skills.
Get
Not sure
Got
Gotten
Getting
6.
Select the option that is mostly opposite to the given word. PETTY(OPPOSITE)
Moderate
Not sure
Liberal
Light
Magnanimous
7.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: The unique Iron Age Experimental
Centre at Lejre, about 40km west of Copenhagen, serves as a museum, a classroom and a place to get
away from it all. How did people live during the Iron Age ? How did they support themselves ? What did
they eat and how did they cultivate the land ? These and a myriad of other questions prodded the
pioneers of the Lejre experiment. Living in the open and working 10 hours a day, volunteers from over
Scandinavia led by 30 experts, built the first village in the ancient encampment in a matter of months.
The house walls were of clay, the roofs of hay all based on original designs. Then came the second
stage getting back to the basics of living. Families were invited to stay in the prehistoric village for a
week or two at a time and rough it Iron Age-style. Initially, this experiment proved none too easy for
modern Dances accustomed to central heating, but it convinced the center that there was something
to the Lejre project. Little by little, the modern Iron Agers learnt that their huts were, after all, habitable.
The problems were numerous-smoking belching out from the rough-and-ready fireplaces into the
rooms and so on. These problems, however, have led to some discoveries: domed smoke ovens made
of clay, for example, give out more heat and consume less fuel than an open fire, and when correctly
stoked, they are practically smokeless. By contacting other museums, the Lejre team has been able to
reconstruct ancient weaving looms and pottery kilns. Iron Age dyeing techniques, using local natural
vegetation, have also been revived, as have ancient baking and cooking methods.
What is the main purpose of building the Iron Age experimental center?
Prehistoric village where people can stay...
8.
Class and money have always strongly affected how people do in life in Britain, with well-heeled
families breeding affluent children just as the offspring of the desperately poor tend to remain poor. All
that was supposed to have ceased at the end of the Second World War, with the birth of a welfare
state designed to meet basic needs and promote social mobility. But despite devoting much thought
and more money to improve a lot of poor, governments have failed to boost those at the bottom of the
pile as much as the top have boosted themselves. Although the study found that some of the widest
gaps between social groups have diminished over time (between men and women on pay, for example,
and between various ethnic minorities ), deep-seated differences between have and have-nots persist,
blighting the life chances of the less fortunate. Looking at earnings, income, education, employment or
wealth, a similar pattern emerges. By the age of three, a poor child is outperformed in verbal ability
and behavior by a rich one. Much of this difference is explained by ethnicity: unsurprisingly, poor
children who do not speak English at home know fewer words in that is their second or third language.
A child's ethnicity becomes less important as he grows: by the age of 16, bright Chinese and Indian
students are performing extremely well at school. But throughout his classroom career how well a child
does is dominated by how highly educated his parents are and how much money they bring home.
Politicians of all stripes talk about equality of opportunity, arguing that it makes for a fairer and more
mobile society, and a more prosperous one. The difficulty arises in putting these notions into practice,
though severe tax increases for the middle-class and wealthy, or expanding government intervention.
Which of these can be inferred from the passage as one of the key solutions to reduce the gap
between various social groups?
By not ....
9.
Select the word or phrase which best expresses the meaning of the given word. PROFUSE
Ample
Declare
Defuse
Flimsy
Accept
10.
Select the word or phrase which best expresses the meaning of the given word. LATEST
Postponed
Not sure
Current
Antique
Outdated
11.
Read the following passage and answer the given question: The unique Iron Age Experimental Centre at
Lejre, about 40km west of Copenhagen, serves as a museum, a classroom and a place to get away from
it all. How did people live during the Iron Age ?how did the support themselves ? what did they eat and
how did they cultivate the land ? These and a myriad of other questions prodded the pioneers of the
Lejre experiment. Living in the open and working 10 hours a day, volunteers from over Scandinavia led
by 30 experts, built the first village in the ancient encampment in a matter of months. The house walls
were of clay, the roofs of hay all based on original designs. Then came the second stage getting back to
the basics of living. Families were invited to stay in the prehistoric village for a week or two at a time
and rough it Iron Age-style. Initially, this experiment proved none too easy for modern Dances
accustomed to central heating, but it convinced the center that there was something to the Lejre
project. Little by little, the modern Iron Agers learnt that their huts were, after all, habitable. The
problems were numerous-smoking belching out from the rough-and-ready fireplaces into the rooms
and so on. These problems, however, have led to some discoveries: domed smoke ovens made of clay,
for example, give out more heat and consume less fuel than an open fire, and when correctly stoked,
they are practically smokeless. By contacting other museums, the Lejre team has been able to
reconstruct ancient weaving looms and pottery kilns. Iron Age dyeing techniques, using local natural
vegetation, have also been revived, as have ancient baking and cooking methods.
What can be the title of the passage ?
Glad to be living
12.
Select the word or phrase which is nearly opposite in meaning to the given word.
EXTRAORDINARY(OPPOSITE)
remarkable
Not sure
Exceptional
Spectacle
Common
13.
A contact must be honored. You cannot ___ on it.
Give up
Not sure
Back out
Renege
Renounce
14.
____ to be a good swimmer, you should know how to hold your breath for a while.
However since
Not sure
For while
In place
In order
15.
Select the option that is most opposite to the given word. PREMEDIATED(OPPOSITE)
Artless
Ingenuous
Spontaneous
Natural
16.
The unique Iron Age Experimental Centre at Lejre, about 40km west of Copenhagen, serves as a
museum, a classroom and a place to get away from it all. How did people live during the Iron Age ?how
did the support themselves ? what did they eat and how did they cultivate the land ? These and a
myriad of other questions prodded the pioneers of the Lejre experiment. Living in the open and
working 10 hours a day, volunteers from over Scandinavia led by 30 experts, built the first village in the
ancient encampment in a matter of months. The house walls were of clay, the roofs of hay all based on
original designs. Then came the second stage getting back to the basics of living. Families were invited
to stay in the prehistoric village for a week or two at a time and rough it Iron Age-style. Initially, this
experiment proved none too easy for modern Dances accustomed to central heating, but it convinced
the center that there was something to the Lejre project. Little by little, the modern Iron Agers learnt
that their huts were, after all, habitable. The problems were numerous-smoking belching out from the
rough-and-ready fireplaces into the rooms and so on. These problems, however, have led to some
discoveries: domed smoke ovens made of clay, for example, give out more heat and consume less fuel
than an open fire, and when correctly stoked, they are practically smokeless. By contacting other
museums, the Lejre team has been able to reconstruct ancient weaving looms and pottery kilns. Iron
Age dyeing techniques, using local natural vegetation, have also been revived, as have ancient baking
and cooking methods.
From the passage what can be inferred to be the centre's initial outlook towards the Lejre project ?
It initiated the project
17.
Read the sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error, if any, will be part
of the sentence. The letter of that part is the answer. Ignore the error of punctuation , if any (A) All the
guests on the (B) boat got frightened (C)when they heard the alarm.
b
a
c
No error
18.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: Class and money have always
strongly affected how people do in life in Britain, with well-heeled families breeding affluent children
just as the offspring of the desperately poor tend to remain poor. All that was supposed to have
ceased at the end of the Second World War, with the birth of a welfare state designed to meet basic
needs and promote social mobility. But despite devoting much thought and more money to improve a
lot of poor, governments have failed to boost those at the bottom of the pile as much as the top have
boosted themselves. Although the study found that some of the widest gaps between social groups
have diminished over time (between men and women on pay, for example, and between various ethnic
minorities), deep-seated differences between have and have-nots persist, blighting the life chances of
the less fortunate. Looking at earnings, income, education, employment or wealth, a similar pattern
emerges. By the age of three, a poor child is outperformed in verbal ability and behavior by a rich one.
Much of this difference is explained by ethnicity: unsurprisingly, poor children who do not speak English
at home know fewer words in that is their second or third language. A child's ethnicity becomes less
important as he grows: by the age of 16, bright Chinese and Indian students are performing extremely
well at school. But throughout his classroom career how well a child does is dominated by how highly
educated his parents are and how much money they bring home. Politicians of all stripes talk about
equality of opportunity, arguing that it makes for a fairer and more mobile society, and a more
prosperous one. The difficulty arises in putting these notions into practice, though severe tax increases
for the middle-class and wealthy, or expanding government intervention.
Which of the following is highlighted in a passage ?
The problems of putting ideals into practice
19.
A person's shadow always __ beside him/her, no matter what
Stays
Not sure
Is
Walks
Be
20.
Select the word or phrase which best expresses the meaning of the given word. INFER
Deduce
Not sure
Deadly
Interfere
Envious
21.
Countries which ____ still undergoing the economic processes ____ known as developing countries.
Are, were
Are, is
Were, are
Are, are
Is, are
22.
Class and money have always strongly affected how people do in life in Britain, with well-heeled
families breeding affluent children just as the offspring of the desperately poor tend to remain poor. All
that was supposed to have ceased at the end of the Second World War, with the birth of a welfare
state designed to meet basic needs and promote social mobility. But despite devoting much thought
and more money to improve a lot of poor, governments have failed to boost those at the bottom of the
pile as much as the top have boosted themselves. Although the study found that some of the widest
gaps between social groups have diminished over time (between men and women on pay, for example,
and between various ethnic minorities ), deep-seated differences between have and have-nots persist,
blighting the life chances of the less fortunate. Looking at earnings, income, education, employment or
wealth, a similar pattern emerges. By the age of three, a poor child is outperformed in verbal ability
and behavior by a rich one. Much of this difference is explained by ethnicity: unsurprisingly, poor
children who do not speak English at home know fewer words in that is their second or third language.
A child's ethnicity becomes less important as he grows: by the age of 16, bright Chinese and Indian
students are performing extremely well at school. But throughout his classroom career how well a child
does is dominated by how highly educated his parents are and how much money they bring home.
Politicians of all stripes talk about equality of opportunity, arguing that it makes for a fairer and more
mobile society, and a more prosperous one. The difficulty arises in putting these notions into practice,
though severe tax increases for the middle-class and wealthy, or expanding government intervention.
What is the pattern noticed while studying social groups ?
The ethinicity....
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